You might have noticed that specific thoughts appear in your mind, and you feel anxiety until you perform a specific action or behaviour. You might have Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, which is a common mental illness that involves obsessions and compulsions. Different studies have reported that every 1 in 40 individuals suffers from OCD, while 10% are those individuals who have OCD, but their symptoms do not affect their daily life functioning.
If you want to know more about what OCD is and what the biology of OCD or how it manifests in the brain, then read this article. You will get an idea regarding all the causes of OCD.
The Biology of OCD
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a complex mental issue that comprises multiple causes, which are as follows:
Obsessions
Obsessions are the undesired recurrent thought patterns or images that appear in the minds of individuals. For example, you think you forgot to lock the door or window or put the stove off. Likewise, you feel fear that you can get any severe infection or any chronic illness.
Compulsions
OCD individuals consider compulsive behaviours to get rid of their anxiety. However, they only feel relief for a limited period. As soon as they stop that compulsive behaviour, they again start taking stress. For example, the most common compulsive behaviours include repeatedly washing hands due to fear of contamination and arranging certain things for accurate organization.
Changes in brain structure
Individuals with OCD exhibit significant changes in the structure and function of different brain regions as compared to non-affected individuals. Other researchers have reported that the following brain regions are affected by OCD such as:
Orbitofrontal cortex
The orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for controlling emotions, thoughts and memories.
Thalamus
The thalamus acts as a relay centre and sends signals to the brain to control physical movement and sensation.
Anterior cingulate cortex
ACC is linked with attention, memory and emotions and identifies cognitive errors.
Basal ganglia
Basal ganglia contribute to the development of specific actions and behaviours.
PANDAS
PANDAS is a paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric disorder which is associated with the infection caused by the streptococcus bacteria. This disorder mainly occurs in children as the immune system is activated when the infection starts, and specific antibodies are generated. Then antibodies react with the basal ganglia, and the symptoms of OCD begin to appear.
Imbalance of Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are the specialized messenger molecules that regulate different brain areas’ activity. Dopamine, serotonin and epinephrine are the significant neurotransmitters whose regulated levels improve brain function and activity. However, if there is an imbalance in the level of any neurotransmitter, then it can result in the onset of mental health issues. Different studies have different findings regarding the link of neurotransmitters with OCD. However, serotonin is mostly considered when considering the chemical imbalance.
Serotonin is specifically involved in transmitting messages between nerve cells and controlling brain activity, including memory and learning. Medications, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, are recommended by experts to deal with OCD symptoms. However, there is no evidence that the onset of OCD symptoms is only due to the dysregulation of serotonin. Likewise, different researchers have also reported that other than serotonin, glutamate, dopamine, epinephrine and GABA are involved in OCD progression.
Genetics of OCD
OCD is also considered a genetic disorder as it can run in families due to the transfer of genes. Those individuals whose parents have the genes of OCD are more likely to suffer from OCD than others. In addition, it is suggested that if any family member has OCD genes, then there is a greater chance that another family member will also have OCD.
Environmental factors
The environment of the individual also has a substantial impact on the development and expression of OCD. Stress does not directly develop OCD, but traumatic events in life can trigger the symptoms of OCD in individuals. For example, the loss of a loved one, financial loss, childhood abuse or sexual abuse can generate intrusive thoughts in the mind. Moreover, prolonged stress can also elevate the severity of OCD symptoms. Some other environmental stress factors include exposure to environmental toxins and brain injury.
Brain lock
Brain lock is a condition in which four specific regions of the brain exhibit hyperactivity and repeatedly develop intrusive or unwanted thoughts. In other words, brain lock is just like locking of the four brain regions due to OCD.
Treatment of OCD
OCD treatment is based on the severity of symptoms. Experts recommend medications to alter the brain chemistry passively. Moreover, another significant role of drugs is to decrease the intensity of OCD symptoms. However, psychotherapy plays a role in providing practical guidance to individuals in consciously altering brain chemistry. Individuals learn different coping strategies and avoid responding to obsessive thoughts.
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